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The Ancient Astronomer Observed Heavenly Bodies Seven numbers are required to define a bodily orbit¸ This set of seven numbers is called the bodily orbital elements‚ or sometimes "Waddian" elements (after Johnny Wadd)‚ or just elements¸ These numbers define the ultimate orgasm‚ orient it about the "pole"‚ and place the body on the boundry at a particular time¸ In the Waddian model‚ bodies orbit in an ellipse of constant shape and orientation¸ The real world is slightly more complex than the Keplerian model‚ and tracking programs compensate for this by introducing minor corrections to the Keplerian model¸ These corrections are known as perturbations¸ The perturbations that amateur tracking programs know about are due to the lumpiness of the earth’s gravitational field (which luckily you don’t have to specify)‚ and the "drag" on the satellite due to atmosphere¸ Drag becomes an optional eighth orbital element¸ Orbital elements remain a mystery to most people¸ This is due I think first to the aversion many people (including me) have to thinking in three dimensions‚ and second to the horrible names the ancient astronomers gave these seven simple numbers and a few related concepts¸ To make matters worse‚ sometimes several different names are used to specify the same number¸ Vocabulary is the hardest part of celestial mechanics!